Last Updated: 22/01/2026
Where Do Dogs Come From? The History of Dog Domestication
From ancient hunters to modern-day lap dogs, the journey of the domestic dog is incredible. Learn about the science of dog evolution, how humans shaped different breeds, and what you should consider when choosing between a purebred or rescue pup.
Author: Dr Gillian Hill BVSc (Hons)
Reading Time: 5 minutes - short read
Have you ever paused to look at a French Bulldog and wondered how they could possibly be related to a wolf? It is one of nature’s most incredible transformations. While they may look worlds apart, every dog on the planet belongs to the same species, Canis lupus familiaris. Whether they are working on a farm or napping on your bed, our domestic dogs carry a wild history in their DNA. Let’s take a look back at how these ancient predators evolved into the loyal, tail-wagging companions we love today.
The origins of the domestic dog
While the trail of paw prints leading back to the very first domestic dog is a little dusty, modern science has helped clear the air. Most experts agree that our canine companions descended from a now-extinct lineage of Late Pleistocene wolves. Rather than a single "eureka" moment in one location, evidence suggests that domestication may have happened independently in different parts of the world, such as Europe and Asia, as humans and wolves began to share the same landscapes.
This transition wasn't an overnight transformation from fierce predator to loyal protector. Instead, it was a gradual process where the lines between "wild" and "domestic" blurred over thousands of years. As these ancient wolves began to integrate into human circles, their biology and behaviour shifted, eventually giving rise to the very first domestic dogs.
When did wolves become dogs?
The results of two studies1 suggests that dogs may have descended from a now extinct species of wolves who were domesticated in Europe more than 18 000 years ago.
Scientists studied the mitochondrial DNA of recent wolf breeds from the Middle East, Asia and Europe, and compared it to two ancient dog breeds and the Boxer but found no distinct similarity in the DNA.
They then studied 10 ancient wolf-like animals and 8 dog-like animals from Europe, and found that domestic dogs are genetically grouped with ancient wolves or dogs from Europe.
How dogs became our best friends
There are a number of theories as to how dogs first came to be domesticated. Some scientists have suggested that humans took in wolf cubs and tamed them, then over progressive generations of breeding the wolves became domesticated. Another popular theory uses the principle of natural selection. This means that wolves who were tamer and not afraid to feed on scraps in and around human settlements were more likely to survive and over time evolved into the domesticated dogs we know today.
The evolution of different dog breeds
Once dogs became domesticated, humans began to see different traits in them that they liked. Dogs with similar preferred traits, for example larger dogs for hunting, would be chosen and bred together to try and produce puppies with those same traits.
Over time different breeds emerged for different purposes. A good example of this is the Pekingese, one of the first 'lap dog' breeds initially bred in ancient China to be small enough to fit inside the sleeves of a man's robe. Over time more and more breeds emerged, with a surge in the 1800s following an increase in popularity of dog shows.
Health considerations for purebred dogs
While choosing a purebred puppy for a pet allows you to have a good idea of what kind of size and temperament they will have as an adult, it does come with some disadvantages.
Many of the unique physical traits that purebred dogs display come with health consequences. For example, brachycephalic breeds (dogs with short noses) like the Pug, English Bulldog and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel often have breathing difficulties. Although their snorting and snuffling can be cute, it can cause severe problems for their breathing and regulating body temperature, increaseing the risk of heatstroke and other conditions.
Another potential purebred pitfall is related to genetics. In order to achieve their desired characteristics, purebred dogs are often inbred. This means that they are more likely to pass on undesirable health problems like hip dysplasia, hernias and other diseases related to genetics.
Choosing your next furry family member
Deciding to bring a new dog into your home is a big step, and where you find your new best friend matters just as much as the breed you choose. Because certain purebred dogs are prone to inherited conditions , you want to ensure your pup has the healthiest start possible.
This is one very good reason why purebred puppies should always be sourced by responsible, registered breeders who prioritise health screening and genetic testing.
However, if you are looking to make a life-changing impact, an even better option when considering adding to your fur family would be to head to your local pound or animal shelter to adopt an adult dog or puppy in need! Not only will you be giving a deserving animal a second chance, but many shelter pets are already toilet trained and past the "land shark" puppy teething phase, making them a wonderful addition to the household.
For more information, check out our guide to How to Find a Good Breeder, and the rescue organisations we support.
FAQs
The journey from wild wolves to the diverse range of dogs we see today is a testament to the long-standing partnership between humans and canines. While selective breeding has given us many wonderful traits, it also brings a responsibility to prioritise pet health and welfare. By understanding their history and supporting ethical breeding or adoption, we can ensure our best friends live long, happy, and healthy lives by our side.
References
Thalmann O. et al. 2013. Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs. Science, vol. 342, no. 6160, pp. 871-874; doi: 10.1126/science.1243650
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History
Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space and we update our articles when new information becomes available.
Thu 22 Jan 2026
Edited by Dr Gillian Hill BVSc (Hons)Dr Teagan Lever BVSc (Hons)
Head Veterinarian, BVSc (Hons)
Pet Circle's Head Veterinarian, Dr Teagan graduated from the University of Queensland in 2010 and went on to work in small animal and mixed practice in various locations around QLD & ACT before joining Pet Circle in early 2016. Dr Teagan has special interests in dermatology, nutrition and preventative health care. She feels privileged to witness the special bond people share with their pets on a daily basis and enjoys forming lasting relationships with pet parents and their fur children.
